Iran-Contra Scandal Essay - 2291 Words

The Iran-contra scandal of the 1980’s, first brought to light in November 1986, is a complicated mess of scandal, arms dealings, hostage deals, and illegal acts (â€Å"Iran-Contra Affair† Infoplease.com). The original purpose of the arms sales was to improve United States-Iran relations (Sanders SNU.edu). However, when American hostages were taken throughout the 1980’s, members of President Reagan’s staff negotiated implicit deals with Iranian groups, which resulted in the U.S. selling arms in return for the release of hostages (Wolf PBS.org). Later, the deal was modified so that the U.S. sold arms directly to Iran at a high markup, with no guarantee of hostages being released, and the markup funding the contras in Nicaragua (â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦in 1985 that the U.S. might sell arms to Iran through Israel with the goal of releasing American hostages held in Lebanon by Iranian groups (â€Å"The Iran-Contra Report† Presidency.U CSB.edu). The arms would be used to aid Iran in their ongoing war against Iraq (â€Å"The Iran-Contra Report† Presidency.UCSB.edu). Robert McFarlane, a national security advisor who brought the suggestion to President Reagan, believed that the deal would improve U.S.-Iran relations, in addition to Lebanese relations, thus giving the U.S. needed influence in the Middle East (Wolf PBS.org). However, several advisors to Reagan questioned the legality of such an act, as both U.S. policy, prohibiting straight arms-for-hostage swaps, and the embargo on arms to Iran, the Arms Export Control Act, condemned that course of action. (â€Å"The Iran-Contra Report† Presidency.UCSB.edu). Though his advisors Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of Defense) and George Shultz (Secretary of State) opposed the sales, President Reagan listened to McFarlane (National Security Advisor) and William Casey (CIA director) and went through with the plan, but Reagan never actually signed the plan or r eported it to Congress, as required by law (â€Å"The Iran-Contra Report† Presidency.UCSB.edu). Thus, Reagan could later claim that he had no knowledge of the arms sales, as it was never formalized. Control of this operation was given to the National Security Council, which was also conducting aid operations to the contras (â€Å"The Iran-ContraShow MoreRelatedIran-Contra Scandal 1621 Words   |  7 PagesI guess that makes them contras, and so it makes me a contra too.† In 1979, a bitter war broke out in Nicaragua between the Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction, the Nicaraguan government, and the Contras, a vicious rebel group. The goal of this war was simple, overthrow the Nicaraguan government and restore freedom for all Nicaraguan citizens. It was this that caught the eye of the American government and it was not too long before the U.S began to fund the Contras. Although the United StatesRead MoreThe Iran-Contra Scandal1731 Words   |  7 PagesIntrodu ction The Iran-Contra Scandal occurred on the (insert specific dates) in the midst of the cold war. Oliver North, a member of the National Security Council of the United States, was accused of diverting money from weapon sales in Iran to support the Contras in Central America. Provide context of central America, how this was exposed, what happened to north, specific trial stuff, talk about the cold war/tensions†¦ state thesis at end of sentence, state arguments, conclude. Main ArgumentRead MoreEssay about iran contra scandal1913 Words   |  8 Pages Iran-Contra Scandal The Cold War peaked the interest of the entire globe. Each threat, policy and action that took place had ramifications far more reaching then ever imaginable. The world sat on edge because it feared its own destruction, after the introduction of nuclear warfare at the close of World War II, another World War could result in the Earth’s demise. This fear ran through the hearts and minds of citizens of both the United States and the Soviet Union, but it is the citizens elsewhereRead MoreEssay Iran-Contra Affair: The Diversion Scandal2952 Words   |  12 PagesIran-Contra Affair: The Diversion Scandal Eugene Hasenfus of Marinette, Wisconsin was captured when his cargo plane suffered damaging missile blows. Hasenfus’ outdated cargo plane was knocked from the sky as a result of Nicaraguan surface to air missiles. After notifying the office of the United States Vice-President, informants in both El Salvador and Costa Rica would scramble to assess and control a seemingly uncomplicated situation. While United States officials prepared to limit their damagesRead MoreReagan s Scandal Of The Iran Contra Scandal918 Words   |  4 Pages Reagan’s Scandal of the Iran Contra Scandal: Detecting Brave Politics and testing boundaries Question: Did President Ronald Reagan know about the decision by White House aide Oliver North and National Security Advisor John Poindexter to divert profits from sales to Iran to buy weapons for rebels? Why did President Ronald Reagan change his opinions about his knowledge of his role in the Iran Contra Scandal? Almost twenty years after the notorious Watergate scandal, the Iran Contra Affair tookRead MoreThe Iran Contra Scandal Was A Shocking And Nefarious Governmental Affair1246 Words   |  5 PagesThe Iran-Contra Scandal was a shocking and nefarious governmental affair which occurred during the executive administration of President Ronald Reagan. The affairs involved many people in the United States government and their dealings with other nations, and the congressional hearings which were held to expose the secrets and find the truth behind the scandal to determine who was involved and who would be deemed guilty of atrocious crimes (Vile). President Reagan arranged a deal with Iran, secretlyRead MoreIran-Contra Affair Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesIran-Contra: Crossing That Line I think everyone knew we were walking a very thin line.(Owen) Not many Americans know the truth that lies behind the Iran-Contra scandals. Most would be surprised to know about the deception of our leaders. Still today, some truth of Iran-Contra lies hidden in the conscience of the people who organized it, aided it, and went through with it. It started with good intentions, but soon was corrupted. Some may argue that we must do what we can to smother the flameRead MoreIran Contra Affair Essays1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iran-Contra scandal had a big effect on the United States but it had a huge effect on Nicaragua. Through out 1985-86, the Reagan administration was selling weapons to Iran illegally in order to encourage Iran to free hostages in the Middle East. Meanwhile, the Reagan administration wanted to support the Contras in Nicaragua, a rebel group fighting to overthrow the Sandinista government. The administration decided to use the money made from selling arms to Iran, a nd had it sent to the Contras withoutRead MoreTo What Extent was President Reagan’s Personal Role in the Iran-Contra Affair Significant?1831 Words   |  8 Pagesextent of significance of President Reagan’s role in the Iran-Contra affair in the 1980’s. Reagan’s role will be looked at while aiding the Nicaraguan Contras, releasing American hostages, both which led to the Iran-Contra affair, and during the cover up, in America and partly in Iran. An investigation account and American history are mostly used to evaluate Reagan’s role. Two of the sources used in this essay, Firewall: The Iran-Contra conspiracy and cover-up written by Lawrence E. Walsh and TheRead MoreEssay On Iran889 Words   |  4 PagesWhat would soon happen would alter the image of the president forever. Who would ever think â€Å"Contra† and â€Å"Iran† would be in the same sentence. In 1985, Iran contacted the United States and secretly asked them for a weapons deal. Iran was currently at war with Iraq. Robert McFarlane, asked President Reagan for approval, as congress had put an embargo against Iran. McFarlane showed that relations between both countries would not only improve, but would also increase influence in the middle east. This

A Brief Note On The World War II - 1317 Words

AJ Jefferson Ms. Taylor Language Arts/ Social Studies March 11, 2015 Aircraft, Machinery, and Submarines of WWII World War II was one of the biggest epidemics in the history of humanity. From Hitler to Franklin D. Roosevelt there were problems world wide.(submarine) These problems eventually led up to the outbreak of war, this war wasn’t any ordinary war either. It was brutal to say the least, with over twenty million deaths worldwide it nearly killed off one percent of the world population (Sheehan) You would think that most people died in war but that is not the case. Over half of the deaths were from famine/starvation, concentration camps, and there was even a large number of suicide.(world war II planes.com/American) For the people who were in war they had a lot of extra tools to help them out. They had secret codes that were â€Å"Indecipherable†, they also had various different submarines, and along with that they had a heavy amount of aircraft.(world war II planes.com/Boeing) Although there are so many of these different types of weapons/tools I’m here to tell you a bout some of the many discrete ones. (Beaver) Codes, these are one of the many different ways World War II members would communicate with one another. They used machines such as the enigma machine and the Lorenz SZ 40, these immaculate machines were the masterminds behind the all of the codes, they generated each and every different code that Germany used.(Secret) With the codes and it’s secrets, of courseShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The World War II1208 Words   |  5 PagesUnique Shrestha Dr. Daniel Byrne American History 9 April 2016 Paper 8 World War II In January 6, 1941, President Roosevelt spoke about the â€Å"essential human freedoms†: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom of want, and freedom from fear (Foner, 904). By the end of the war, the new immigrant groups were accepted as loyal ethnic Americans, rather than members of distinct and inferior â€Å"races† (Foner, 904). In addition, the contradiction between the principle of equal freedom and the actualRead MoreA Brief Note On The World War II1076 Words   |  5 PagesAn Impactful Event in History The Vietnam War was one of the longest and most bloody conflicts that the U.S. became embroiled in during the years between 1955 and 1975, lasting almost two decades. The war would change the way that young people saw their nation emerging from World War II and would help define the 60’s and the 70’s as times of turmoil and change, socially and politically(Anderson 181). After World War II, France reclaimed French Indochina from the Japanese, attempting to reassertRead MoreA Brief Note On The World War II2159 Words   |  9 Pagesleadership of Adolf Hitler, while Italy was under Benito Mussolini. Fascism led both countries to have extreme nationalism and instilled a great sense of pride in both countries. This great national pride can be seen during the initial years of World War II. Both countries took aggressive actions in Europe and Africa because of their national pride. 2. Calvinism- Calvinism was a branch of Protestantism formed by John Calvin. Calvinism originated in Switzerland during the Protestant Reformation.Read MoreA Brief Note On The World War II1900 Words   |  8 Pages  World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world s nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic,Read MoreA Brief Note On World War II On Germany1093 Words   |  5 PagesFyffe Period 9 World War II World War II started in 1939 when Britain and France got into a war with Germany because they invaded Poland. However, that was not the only reason for World War II, there are more causes for this war. Hitler had planned to invade Poland, this nation was supported by France and Britain in case they get invaded. On September 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland, and 2 days later France and Britain declared a war on Germany, and that was the beginning of World War II. Germany hadRead MoreA Brief Note On Pre World War II1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe social, economic, and political landscapes of the pre-World War II United States, from 1931 to 1939, were substandard compared to their post-World War II counterparts. Pre-World War II United States is characterized by the worst economic crisis in the nation’s history. The Great Depression(1929-1939) was a global phenomenon that was associated with the American stock market crash in 1929. The economic downturn resulted in high unemployment rates(25%), reduced wages, high interest rates, and highRead MoreB1 World War II and Its Aftermath UA Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Unit: World War II and Its Aftermath This Unit Activity will help you meet these educational goals: Inquiry Skills—You will develop questions and plan investigations, evaluate change and continuity over time, develop credible explanations of historical events and developments based on reasoned interpretation of evidence, gather evidence, evaluate and use evidence, develop explanations and make persuasive arguments in support of your conclusions, and communicate your conclusions. 21st CenturyRead More Book Review: Japan in Transformation Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesyears Japan has seen significant changes in all aspects of its society and the way it interacts with the outside world. For example, despite suffering a defeat in World War II, Japan soon became one of Asia’s greatest economic powers. In Japan in Transformation, 1952 - 2000, Jeffrey Kingston focuses on various aspects of change in Japanese society and politics in the period after World War II. These include the effect of the US occupation, analysis of postwar politics, the economic boom, changes in demographicsRead MoreKurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesI. Author- Kurt Vonnegut’s background had an endless influence upon his writing. In his early years, Vonnegut was a private in the 106th infantry division in World War II. He and five scouts were caught behind enemy lines, and then captured. They were held POWs and were beaten on various occasions. In 1945, they witnessed the fire-bombing of Dresden, Germany. Kept during this time in a slaughterhouse, this is part of the inspiration for Slaughterhouse-five. After being released from the SlaughterhouseRead MoreRacial Discrimination In Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye793 Words   |  4 Pagesfrequent (â€Å"Race Riots†). Moreover, there was segregation in housing, employment, and education throughout the United States.  There was a small chance for improvement in racial relationships until World War II began. World War II revealed the racial segregation and discrimination of the nation. World War II initiated many social processes that slowly led to vital changes during the la te 1940s (â€Å"Racial Discrimination†). In Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye, the behavior of Pecola Breedlove, Pauline Breedlove

Leadership Do Traits Matter free essay sample

Academy of Management Executive, 1991 Vol. 5 No. 2 Leadership: do traits matter? Shelley A. Kirkpatrick and Edwin A. Locke, University of Maryland Executive Overview The study ot leader traits has a long and controversial history. While research shows that the possession of certain traits alone does not guarantee leadership success, fhere is evidence that effective leaders are different from other people in certain key respects. Key leader traits include: drive (a broad term which includes achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative): leadership motivation (the desire fo lead but not to seek power as an end in itself): honesty and integrity: self-confidence (which is associated with emotional stability): cognitive ability: and knowledge of the business. There is less clear evidence for traits such as charisma, creativity and flexibility. We believe that the key leader traits help the leader acquire necessary skills: formulate an organizational vision and an effective plan for pursuing it: and take the necessary steps to implement the vision in reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Do Traits Matter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Article Few issues have a more controversial history than leadership traits and characteristics. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, great man leadership theories were highly popular. These theories asserted that leadership qualities were inherited, especially by people from the upper class. Great men were, born, not made (in those days, virtually all business leaders were men). Today, great man theories are a popular foil for so-called superior models. To make the new models plausible, the great men are endowed with negative as well as positive traits. In a recent issue of the Harvard Business Review, for example. Slater and Bennis write, The passing years have . . . given the coup de grace to another force that has retarded democratization—the great man who with brilliance and farsightedness could preside wth dictatorial powers as the head of a growing rganization. Such great men, argue Slater and Bennis, become outmoded and dead hands on the flexibility and growth of the organization. Under the new democratic model, they argue, the individual is of relatively little significance. Early in the 20th century, the great man theories evolved into trait theories. (Trait is used broadly here to refer to peoples general characteristics, including capacities, motives , or patterns of behavior. ) Trait theories did not make assumptions about whether leadership traits were inherited or acquired. They simply asserted that leaders characteristics are different from non-leaders. Traits such as height, weight, and physique are heavily dependent on heredity, whereas others such as knowledge of the industry are dependent on experience and learning. The trait view was brought into question during the mid-century when a prominent theorist, Ralph Stogdill, after a thorough review of the literature concluded that A person does not become a leader by virtue of the possession of some combination of traits. ^ Stogdill believed this because the research showed that no traits were universally associated with effective leadership and that 48 Kirkpatrick and Locke situational factors were also influential. For example, military leaders do not have traits identical to those of business leaders. Since Stogdills early review, trait theory has made a come back, though in altered form. Recent research, using a variety of methods, has made it clear that successful leaders are not like other people . The evidence indicates that there are certain core traits which significantly contribute to business leaders success. Traits alone, however, are not sufficient for successful business leadership—they are only a precondition. Leaders who possess the requisite traits must take certain actions to be successful (e. g. formulating a vision, role modeling, setting goals). Possessing the appropriate traits only makes it more likely that such actions will be taken and be successful. After summarizing the core leadership traits, we will discuss these important actions and the managerial implications. The Evidence: Traits Do Matter The evidence shows that traits do matter.